Dados do Trabalho

Título

Describing Horner Syndrome: an illustrated guide

Resumo

Introduction: Horner Syndrome (HS) is classically characterized by a clinical triad: miosis/anisocoria, ptosis and facial anhidrosis. Its pathophysiology is related to the interruption of the oculosympathetic pathway; however, the mechanisms that lead to the onset of the syndrome are diverse, and some are even potentially fatal, highlighting the importance of its early identification. Objective: The aim of this study was to elucidate the main anatomical, etiopathogenic and clinical aspects of this neurological condition, based on original illustrations. Method: In order to synthesize the central aspects of the anatomy, clinical and pathophysiological aspects of Horner syndrome, original illustrations of own authorship were developed. In addition, neuroradiological examinations and photographs of patients with the syndrome were included. Results:Although uncommon, it is important to know how to recognize, diagnose and properly investigate patients with HS. Understanding the anatomy involved in the sympathetic innervation of the eye is fundamental to both understanding the pathophysiology of the syndrome and screening for its possible causes. The oculosympathetic pathway involves three neurons: first order (central), second order (preganglionic) and third order (postganglionic). The etiologies of HS include infections, neoplasms, vasculopathies and even iatrogenic lesions. Besides the clinical picture composed of the clinical triad, pharmacological and neuroradiological tests are often indicated for the diagnostic investigation of HS. Conclusion: We present an illustrated guide with targeted information on the anatomy, clinical picture and most important complementary tests in the context of HS, in order to provide a didactic guide on this syndrome for neurologists and the general medical community.

Palavras Chave

Horner's Syndrome, Neuroanatomy, Multiple
Causations.